9^th International Conference on Catalysis and Chemical Engineering November 29-30, 2021 Paris, France

Catalytic materials exist in several forms and can be prepared using various methods involving different schemes and protocols. They can also be applied in many fields, such as environmental and sustainable catalysis, biomass valorization, renewable fuels production, CO2 recycling, synthetic chemistry, gas storage/capture, drug delivery, catalysis, photo catalysis, chemical sensing, and so on. Improvements in the design and function of catalytic materials are crucial in solving a host of current problems including developing cleaner fuel technologies and removing environmentally harmful processes in the pharmaceutical or chemical industries.

Environmental catalysis is a multidisciplinary research field for which more and more chemists, materials scientists, as well as environmentalists have dedicated their efforts working in this field because of the rich potentials in improving human health and life quality. With the progress in controllable materials synthesis, advanced characterizations, high-level analytical chemistry, together with the computational studies, catalysis proceeds to be the driving force for the generation of clean energy, reduction of major pollutants in air and water, and meantime the theories behind the catalytic reactions are explained. In the current Research Topic, an artistic collection of original research and review articles describing the integration of high-performance catalysts, their applications in different catalytic technologies for environmental indemnification, and associated theoretical calculations for understanding the catalytic mechanisms is performed.

• Automotive emission control
• Water pollution mitigation
• Air pollution control
• Waste utilization

Plasma catalysis, which is considered an emerging branch of plasma processing. This highly versatile technique can provide not only a route to produce highly specialized materials such as semiconductors and nanostructures at mild conditions, but it can open new pathways towards the decentralized production of several specialty chemicals such as ammonia, by pairing this technology with renewable electricity sources. Moreover, plasma catalysis offers the advantages of one pot ultra-fast reactions with minimal waste production as compared to traditional wet chemistry synthesis techniques. However, in order to completely exploit the full potential of plasma catalysis, a strong fundamental understanding of the effects of plasma on catalyst, catalyst on plasma and its synergism should be gained. This is a prospect that can be achieved by a multidisciplinary knowledge of the phenomena occurring at the plasma gas phase and at the interphase plasma-catalyst. Here in, first principles of plasma catalysis are presented.

In organic chemistry, the word organocatalysis refers to a form of catalysis, whereby the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by an organic catalyst referred to as an "organocatalyst" consisting of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and other nonmetal elements found in organic compounds. Because of their identity in composition and description, they are often mistaken as a misnomer for enzymes due to their similar effects on reaction speeds and forms of catalysis involved.

Nanomaterial-based catalysts are normally heterogeneous catalysts broken up into metal nanoparticles in order to improve the catalytic process. Metal nanoparticles have a high surface area, which can increase catalytic action. They are typically done under calm conditions to stop the disintegration of the nanoparticles. As nanoparticles have a high surface-to-volume ratio correlated to bulk materials, they are attractive candidates for use as catalysts. The reduction method applied to control the size and the shape of the transition metal nanoparticles that are developed, which are very significant in catalytic applications. Nanocatalysis is a quickly growing field that involves the use of nanomaterials as catalysts for a kind of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis applications. In homogeneous catalysis, transition metal nanoparticles in colloidal solutions are used as catalysts. Main applications of Nano catalysts in water purification, fuel cell, energy storage, composite solid rocket explosives, biodiesel production, medicine, in the dye.

• Microscoscopic & spectroscopic characteization
• Nanotubes, nanofibers and nanoparticles
• Nano-Flake Technology
• Carbon nanotechnology
• Green nanotechnology

Chemical Synthesis is the method of using two or more particles (or molecules) to form a product. There are an extended variety and number of chemical composites that are produced using chemical synthesis. The origin material in a chemical synthesis process is called a reactant. Catalyst Synthesis is the method of fabricating catalytic materials. It intends to optimize factors like catalyst activity, selectivity, stability, and cost. Catalyst synthesis: Current metal oxide catalyst synthesis involves oxidizing metal powder or chips with nitric acid at high temperatures under excitement. The resulting metal nitrate solution is negotiated with a base to precipitate the metal salt, which is washed with water to remove salts and ions.

A chemical synthesis includes one or more compounds (known as reagents or reactants) that will support a transformation when controlled to certain conditions. Various reaction models can be implemented to formulate the aspired product. This challenges mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel, such as a chemical reactor or a simplistic round-bottom flask. Many reactions require some form of work-up or refinement procedure to separate the final product.

Chemical reactions occur faster in the presence of a catalyst because the catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway - or mechanism - with a lower activation energy than the non-catalyzed mechanism.
Heterogeneous catalysis operates a principal role in the global energy criterion, with practically all energy-related processes relying on a catalyst at a specific point. The application of heterogeneous catalysts will be of supreme importance to achieve the transition towards low carbon and sustainable societies. Catalysts are also significant in our goal of increasing the adoption of renewable energy sources. One such source is the change of plant biomass into carbon-neutral liquid fuels. The method uses the same technology as the traditional Fischer-Tropsch process, however, due impure chemical nature of plant matter, the catalysts used in this process need to be more repellent to catalytic poisoning, a process where undesired reactants react with the catalyst in such a way that it decreases its outcomes towards the aspired product.

The solar industry is also peering into using catalysts as a means of energy storage. Solar is very dependent on daylight and weather, thus one of the greatest challenges to the implementation of solar is the storage problem. Water splitting catalysts offers an exceptional potential solution to that problem. Applying just water, the excess voltage generated by solar can be applied to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, which can be then recombined at a later time in a fuel cell in order to deliver electricity. The Catalyst, in that situation, is critical in reducing the over potential required to make the kinetics of the water-splitting reaction, thus decreasing translation losses in energy.

• Biomass conversion
• CO2 conversion
• Hydrogen production
• Bio-derived compounds upgrading
• Syngas & methane conversion
• Catalytic technologies for fossil fuels
• Catalysis for fuel cells

Chemical reaction engineering is a specialization in chemical engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with chemical reactors. Frequently the term associates specifically to catalytic reaction systems where either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is present in the reactor. Sometimes a reactor per se is not present by itself, but preferably is combined into a process, for example in reactive divisions vessels, retorts, certain fuel cells, and photocatalytic surfaces. The issue of solvent effects on reaction kinetics is also estimated as an integral part.

• Molecular simulation and theoretical modeling
• Catalyst poisoning, deactivation & stability
• Kinetics, and reaction pathways
• C-C bond formation
• C-H bond activation
• Selective oxidation & hydrogenation

A catalytic mechanism is the sequence of elementary reactions by which a catalytic reaction proceeds. Serine proteases use four of the major catalytic mechanism during the reaction cycle: Acid-Base Catalysis, Covalent Catalysis, Electrostatic Interactions, and Desolation.

These products are an outgrowth of the plastic industry which has quickly developed thanks to the strength and installed infrastructure of the world petrochemical sector. The term engineering polymers is somewhat vague bu has been taken to include a large number of polymers with engineering applications; in simpler terms, it includes polymers that combine the structural properties of metals with the ease of processing and chemical characteristics of plastics. These properties, in combination with the economics of thermoplastic processing has enabled engineering polymers to become substitutes for metals and alloys in a variety of applications and to be used as unique materials in electronics, thermal, medical and chemical exposure applications.

The Separation Process in chemical engineering covers Adsorption, Capillary electrophoresis, Centrifugation, and cyclonic separation, Crystallization, Decantation, Distillation, Drying, Electrostatic Separation, Elutriation, Evaporation, Extraction, Field flow Fractionation, Magnetic separation, Precipitation. The traditional chemical engineering techniques of separation and purification include distillation, crystallization, adsorption, membrane processes, absorption and stripping, and extraction.

Surface Chemistry deals with aspects that occur at the surfaces or interfaces. The interface or surface is by separating the majority phases by a hyphen or a slash. For instance, the interface within a solid and gas may be described by solid-gas or solid/gas. Surface Chemistry has a major role in various chemical processes such as enzymatic reactions at the biological interfaces detected in the cell walls and membranes. In the electronics industry, the use in surface and interface of microchips used in computers.

Biocatalysts is defined as the use of natural substances that include enzymes from biological sources or whole cells to speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes have a pivotal role in the catalysis of hundreds of reactions that include the production of alcohols from fermentation and cheese by the breakdown of milk proteins. A biocatalyst is a substance (enzyme or hormone) that initiates or speeds up biochemical reactions. E.g.digestive enzymes like pepsin, trypsin, etc.

Materials scientists do everything from fundamental research on the chemical properties of materials to developing new materials and modifying formulations of existing materials to suit new applications. They work with engineers and processing specialists, in pilot plants, and in manufacturing facilities.

Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts. Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. The biological processes that happen inside all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are controlled by enzymes. Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place at a tangible rate. Enzymes catalyze all features of cell metabolism. This covers the digestion of food, in which large nutrient molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. The conservation and transformation of chemical energy and the development of cellular macromolecules from smaller ancestors. Many acquired human diseases, such as albinism and phenylketonuria, result from a lack of a particular enzyme.

Photo catalysis is the activity occurring when a light source interacts with the surface of semiconductor materials, the so called photo catalysts. During this process, there must be at least two simultaneous reactions occurring, oxidation from photo generated holes, and reduction from photo generated electrons.

Fluid Mechanics is the branch of physics treated with the mechanics of fluids like liquids, gases, and plasmas, and the forces on them. It can be classified into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It has applications in a broad range of disciplines, including mechanical, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering, geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology. It can be classified into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a part of continuum mechanics, a subject that models matter without using the knowledge that it is made out of atoms. That is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint instead of from a microscopic. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research, typically mathematically complex. Many problems are partly or wholly unsolved and are best addressed by numerical methods, typically using computers. A current method, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is applied to this approach. Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for reflecting and analyzing fluid flow, also catches advantage of the highly visual nature of the fluid flow.

A renewable energy source defines the energy that is sustainable - something that cannot run out or is endless, like the sun. When you listen to the term alternative energy it's normally relating to renewable energy sources too. It implies sources of energy that are substitutes to the most generally used non-sustainable sources - like coal. The most prevalent renewable energy sources currently are:

• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Hydro energy
• Tidal energy
• Geothermal energy
• Biomass energy

A heterogeneous catalyst works a binary role in the transesterification reaction owing to the advantages of parting and reusability. Lately, heterogeneous catalysts obtained from renewable sources have gotten more attention. The renewable resources defined cover shells, bones, ashes from plant/tree, natural sources, large-scale industrial wastes, etc. considerably, catalysts provided from these materials could make the biodiesel product more sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective.

Organometallic chemistry is that the subject of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds including a minimum of one bond between an atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes extended to cover metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin, as well.
Apart from bonds to organyl particles or molecules, bonds to inorganic carbon, like carbon monoxide gas, cyanide, or carbide, are commonly studied to be organometallic also. Some related composites such as transition metal hydrides and metal phosphine complexes are often included in discussions of organometallic compounds, though stringently speaking, they are not significantly organometallic.

Zeolites are minerals that contain mainly aluminum and silicon compounds. They are used as drying agents, in detergents, and in water and air purifiers. Zeolites are also marketed as dietary supplements to treat cancer, diarrhea, autism, herpes, and hangover, and to balance pH and remove heavy metals in the body

Catalysts are substances that speed up reactions by presenting an alternative pathway for the breaking and building of bonds. The solution to this alternative pathway is lower activation energy than that needed for the uncatalyzed reaction.

Much fundamental and applied research is affected by industrial companies and university research laboratories to find out how catalysts work and to develop their effectiveness. If the catalytic activity can be updated, it may be tolerable to lower the temperature and/or the pressure at which the process works and thus save fuel which is one of the significant costs in a large-scale chemical process. Further, it may be possible to lessen the number of reactants that are consumed forming undesired by-products.

Pyrolysis is the heating of an organic material, such as biomass, in the absence of oxygen. Because no oxygen is present the material does not combust but the chemical compounds (i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) that make up that material thermally decompose into combustible gases and charcoal.

A few physical chemists find employment in industries that are involved with the development of materials, including plastics, ceramics, catalysis, electronics, fuel formulation, batteries, surfactants and colloids, and personal care products, with most of them working as material scientists or analytical chemists.

FCC catalysts are used to improve the yield of higher octane gasoline from crude oil because heavy oil is more and more popular. Hydrotreating and hydrocracking catalysts are applied to improve fuels quality by saturating the olefin and remove the impurities in petroleum feedstocks.

Quantum chemistry strives to accurately predict chemical and physical properties of molecules and materials, which is useful to many fields of science and engineering. Predicting chemical properties using a first principles approach at the atomic scale is a theoretical and computational challenge.

Chemical reaction engineering is a specialization in chemical engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with chemical reactors. Frequently the term associates specifically to catalytic reaction systems where either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is present in the reactor. Sometimes a reactor per se is not present by itself, but preferably is combined into a process, for example in reactive divisions vessels, retorts, certain fuel cells, and photocatalytic surfaces. The issue of solvent effects on reaction kinetics is also estimated as an integral part.

Photochemistry is the category of chemistry treated with the chemical effects of light. Commonly, this phase is used to describe a chemical reaction influenced by the absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible light (400–750 nm), or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm).
Photobiology is mainly defined to cover all biological aspects including non-ionizing radiation. It is noticed that photo biological responses are the result of chemical and/or physical variations induced in biological systems by non-ionizing radiation.

Electrochemistry is the knowledge of electricity and how it compares to chemical reactions. In electrochemistry, electricity can be produced by actions of electrons from one element to another in a reaction is called redox or oxidation-reduction reaction and it is the part of chemistry involved with the interrelation of electrical and chemical variations that are produced by the passage of current.

An important feature of autocatalysis is the requirement of—at least—a seeding quantity of auto catalyst for the start of the reaction since the state of extinction S0 with x(0) = 0 implies no reaction, v(0) = 0 and ignition of the reaction does not occur.

Biochemical engineering is the use of biological (natural or organic) materials, such as organisms, cells and certain molecules, to develop products and processes. Industries that depend on biochemical engineering include biotechnology, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, water purification and food.

Molecular catalysis is not a well-defined field but it always refers to associate application of molecular chemistry, significantly molecular recognition and guest binding, toward chemical action. This field was originally affected by catalyst system that, in distinction to classical chemistry reactions, utilizes non-covalent interactions like gas bonding, cation-pi interaction, and hydrophobic forces to dramatically accelerate the rate of reaction and/or allow extraordinarily selective reactions to occur. As a result of enzymes are unit structurally sophisticated and difficult to change, molecular catalysts offer a simpler model for locating out factors involved in natural action efficiency of the super molecule.

The field of computational catalysis has survived in one form or another for at least 30 years. Its ultimate goal - the design of a novel catalyst uniquely from the computer. While this goal has not been reached yet, the 21st Century has already seen key progressions in capturing the multiple composite phenomena that are critical to catalyst behavior under reaction situations.

Computational chemistry is a part of chemistry that employs computer simulation to support in solving chemical problems. It uses techniques of theoretical chemistry, incorporated into effective computer programs, to calculate the structures and attributes of molecules and solids.

Organometallic chemistry is that the subject of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds including a minimum of one bond between an atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes extended to cover metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin, as well.

In organic chemistry, the word organocatalysis refers to a form of catalysis, whereby the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by an organic catalyst referred to as an "organocatalyst" consisting of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and other nonmetal elements found in organic compounds. Because of their identity in composition and description, they are often mistaken as a misnomer for enzymes due to their similar effects on reaction speeds and forms of catalysis involved.

Bio-organic chemistry studies substances that carry the life processes while attempting to understand their biological purposes. Bioinorganic chemistry is an area that analyzes the role of metals in biology. Bioinorganic chemistry involves the study of both natural phenomena such as the behavior of metalloproteinase as well as artificially introduced metals, including those that are non-essential, in medicine and toxicology. Many biological methods such as respiration depend upon particles that fall within the field of inorganic chemistry. The method also involves the study of inorganic forms or mimics that reflect the function of metalloproteinase.

Petrochemical engineering is a branch of Chemical Engineering that deals with procedures included in refining petroleum or crude oil using advanced technology. Students learn about the mechanism and techniques involved in projects like exploration, production, and exploitation of oil or natural gases. Fields like Petrochemical Engineering are maintained by institutes to provide industry technology advances. The program is a sub-part under Chemical Engineering and concentrates on techniques and processes related to the refining of petroleum and other chemicals present in crude oil.